Mussolini and Adolf Hitler first met in June 1934, as the issue of Austrian independence was in crisis. Culturally, food preparation was quite important in the past where flashes of significance have been captured in the only surviving cookbook (Apicius), which dates back to the first century BC. Approximatively four waves of population from north to the Alps have been identified. Between those two periods may have been a millennium and a half of division and disruption, but that disruption saw one of the world's great flowering of art, the Renaissance (circa 1400–1600 CE). Depretis began his term as Prime Minister by initiating an experimental political idea called Trasformismo (transformism). The political and social events in the restoration period of Italy (1815–1835) led to popular uprisings throughout the peninsula and greatly shaped what would become the Italian Wars of Independence. The first part of the Renaissance saw almost constant warfare on land and sea as the city-states vied for preeminence. They operated in secret, enlisting the king later on, but keeping military and political leaders entirely in the dark. 15th-century writers such as the poet Poliziano and the Platonist philosopher Marsilio Ficino made extensive translations from both Latin and Greek. In 480 BCE, Etruria's ally Carthage was defeated by a coalition of Magna Graecia cities led by Syracuse. By 1950, the economy had largely stabilized and started booming. A carpenter in Italy would receive 30 cents to $1.40 per day, making a 6-day week’s pay $1.80 to $8.40. "[136] Writing about the fighting at the First Battle of El Alamein, he stated: "The Italians were willing, unselfish and good comrades in the frontline. "[131] Historians have long debated why Italy's military and its Fascist regime were so remarkably ineffective at an activity – war – that was central to their identity. Only 11,000 more were produced during the next three years, far fewer than any of the other major belligerents. The fervor for war represented a bitterly hostile reaction against politics as usual, and the failures, frustrations, and stupidities of the ruling class.[106][107]. Partly because of this, the Papacy had relocated to Avignon in France. In Italy, the Congress restored the pre-Napoleonic patchwork of independent governments, either directly ruled or strongly influenced by the prevailing European powers, particularly Austria. The culinary history of Italy established a reputation more than 2,000 years ago, which includes an illustrious movement during the Roman Empire. The succeeding centre-left government, including most of the same parties, was headed by Giuliano Amato (social-democratic), who previously served as Prime Minister in 1992–93, from April 2000 until June 2001. [7] The Italian Renaissance spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, and art with the start of the modern era. All male members of the House of Savoy were barred from entering Italy, a ban which was only repealed in 2002. This obligation grew from his promises to Italians that he would build an empire for them and from his personal desire to not allow Hitler to become the dominant leader in Europe. The Fascists demanded Prime Minister Luigi Facta's resignation and that Mussolini be named to the post. Some of these led to the development of Western philosophy, science and art, that remained central during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Lesson Summary. It is a multi-party system, which means that all political parties ca… Also known as Risorgimento, the Italian unification was a political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into a single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century. On the next day, he was executed for high treason, as sentenced in absentia by a tribunal of the CLN. What Is Autocracy? With this colonization, Greek culture was exported to Italy, in its dialects of the Ancient Greek language, its religious rites and its traditions of the independent polis. [156] From March to May, Conte's government imposed a national quarantine as a measure to limit the spread of the pandemic. [3][4] Rome was founded as a Kingdom in 753 BC and became a Republic in 509 BC, when the monarchy was overthrown in favor of a government of the Senate and the People. Italian unification was completed, and the capital was moved from Florence to Rome.[94]. Poets like Vergil, Horace, Ovid and Rufus developed a rich literature, and were close friends of Augustus. Italy's urban population fell in half, ransoms paid to the invaders and emergency taxes drained the finances. That never occurred because Lincoln wouldn't agree to abolish slavery at that early date. Many leaders of the unification movement were at one time members of this organization. Old houses of the Alberobello region in Bari, Italy have “trulli” or conical roofs with grey stones and … Rao, Anna Maria. Italy is a country in south-central Europe. Prodi won with only a slim majority in the Senate, also due to the new proportional electoral law introduced by Berlusconi and Calderoli in 2005. With no immediate response, a group of 30,000 Fascists began a long trek across Italy to Rome (the March on Rome), claiming that Fascists were intending to restore law and order. The PSI (along with other minor governing parties) completely dissolved.[150][151]. [125] This was important to the alliance as both regimes mutually had claims on France, Germany on German-populated Alsace-Lorraine and Italy on the mixed Italian and French populated Nice and Corsica. A warrior and mariner people, the ancient Sardinians held flourishing trades with the other Mediterranean peoples. Between the 12th and 13th centuries, Italy developed a peculiar political pattern, significantly different from feudal Europe north of the Alps. Tuscany was the home land of the Etruscans, which was annexed by Rome in 351 BC. Venice developed a creation myth that it was founded by people fleeing Troy, but it was probably formed in the sixth century C.E., when Italian refugees fleeing Lombard invaders camped on the islands in the Venice lagoon. Since the 13th century, as armies became primarily composed of mercenaries, prosperous city-states could field considerable forces, despite their low populations. In 1806, he conquered the Kingdom of Naples and granted it to his brother and then (from 1808) to Joachim Murat, along with marrying his sisters Elisa and Paolina off to the princes of Massa-Carrara and Guastalla. Most of the states of the Italian Peninsula are united under King Victor Emmanuel II of the Savoy dynasty, crowned King of Italy. By the eighth and ninth centuries, a number of powerful and trading-orient… [89] Garibaldi led the Italian republican drive for unification in southern Italy, but the northern Italian monarchy of the House of Savoy in the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia whose government was led by Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, also had the ambition of establishing a united Italian state. [92], Cavour decided the basic problem was poor government, and believed that could be remedied by strict application of the Piedmonese legal system. In 1515 the French captured Milan. The aftermath of World War II left Italy with a destroyed economy and a divided society. A new constitution was approved, setting up a parliamentary democracy. [59][60], By the late Middle Ages, central and southern Italy, once the heartland of the Roman Empire and Magna Graecia respectively, was far poorer than the north. [27], In the 4th century BCE the Republic came under attack by the Gauls, who initially prevailed and sacked Rome. The peninsula again becomes a political entity, as the modern nation of Italy, in 1861. 1866. The king, Ferdinand I, agreed to enact a new constitution. Others relocated to the northern industrial cities such as Genoa, Milan and Turin, and sent money home.[92]. The pervasive influence of mass media and consumerism on society has often been fiercely criticized by intellectuals like Pier Paolo Pasolini and film directors like Dino Risi, Vittorio De Sica and Ettore Scola, that stigmatized selfishness and immorality that characterized miracle's years. Italy occupies a boot- shaped peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean sea from southern Europe. After the death of Emperor Theodosius I (395), the Empire was divided into an Eastern and a Western Roman Empire. In face of the threat of a French hegemony over much of Europe, a Grand Alliance between Austria, England, the Dutch Republic and other minor powers (within which the Duchy of Savoy) was signed in The Hague. In 105 BCE, the Celtiberians still retained enough of their native vigour and ferocity to drive the Cimbri and Teutones from northern Spain,[34] though these had crushed Roman arms in southern Gaul, inflicting 80,000 casualties on the Roman army which opposed them. Italy's first societies emerged around 1200 B.C. and emerged as a political entity with its own rulers. Mussolini was captured on 27 April 1945, by communist Italian partisans near the Swiss border as he tried to escape Italy. 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