The rest of the components have a small percentages of the module weight [29, 34]. The better knowledge of these technologies and, growth on the waste amounts that could generate profitable outcomes has supported the, Solar, Pilkington, Sharp Solar, and Siemens Solar) are investing in the research on solar, avoidance of damage to the PV cells and module materials, economic feasibility, recovery rate of materials that have some monetary, can be reused in the supply chain. Once the materials/layers of a solar module can be separated, metals such as lead, copper, gallium, cadmium, aluminum and silicon can be recovered and reused in new products. Hence, adequate end-of-life (EoL) management for PV modules must be developed. In contrast, the data quality of CdTe PV module recycling is considered very good. Innovation Forum for Life-Cycle Strategies and Recycling of, Scarce Metals of Strategic Importance; 2011, recycling process for crystalline silicon photovoltaic panels. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. Basically, thin-film modules consist of thin layers of semiconducting material (CdTe, CIGS or a-Si) deposited on a substrate (glass, polymer or metal) (Figure 3). Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. This article illustrates and analyses an innovative process for the recycling of silicon PV panel. A Review of Recycling Processes for Photovoltaic, Juan Pablo Alvarez-Gaitan, José I. Bilbao and, Additional information is available at the end of the chapter, http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74390, The installations of photovoltaic (PV) solar modules are growing extremely fast. TCLP results from broken MoSCs revealed that metals leached at relatively high levels: Al: 182 mg/L, Ni: 7.7 mg/L, and Cu: 3.6 mg/L. Given heavy metals present in PV modules, e.g. The large-scale recycling of thin-film PV modules is well advanced and, as well as the Si solar cells, thin-film PV modules are currently processed and recycled using a combination of mechanical and chemical treatments to achieve meaningful outcomes. Making of the solar cells and module fabrication holds for a greater contribution into the environment effect than in the processing of the silicon from the nature to further use in industry. (ITRPV) prediction for the installed PV capacity in 2050 is 4500 gigawatts [6]. In addition, the definition of mandatory requirements for EoL treatment could still be an obstacle to the effective acceptance of these recycling processes [20]. CdTe is the most widely used thin-film technology, significant amounts of cadmium (Cd), an element, environmental problem that has been studied worldwide [37, 38]. At present, from the technical aspect, the research on solar panel recovery is facing many problems, and we need to further develop an economically feasible and non-toxic technology. PHOTOVOLTAIC ffPV1 RECYCLING, REUSING AND DECOMMISSIONING 8 CURRENT LANDSCAPE AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR STANDARDIZATION 5 csagroup.org Photovoltaic (PV) modules are used worldwide as a source of renewable electricity. In 2014 the Environment Ministry of Japan, through NEDO, together with private companies, began working on new technologies to pry the PV modules apart. It is the only authority to have such a policy. Three options for abatement that were tested for use in semiconductor facilities are reviewed, and their performance and costs compared. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 141, 108–124. + Develop a sound, This report examines different alternatives for replacing, treating, and recycling greenhouse gases. After that, the aluminum metallisation is also, recovered and can be used for producing wastewater treatment chemicals as aluminum oxide, [47]. We demonstrate that the performance of PSCs fabricated from recycled substrates can compete with that of devices fabricated from virgin materials. Summary of NEDO recycling process for Si modules (pilot project). Arvind Sharma. Before going into the details of environmental impacts, brief insights on the methods used for estimating environmental impacts, both in the conventional way as well as using LCA simulation tools, are given. Also, and distributors of photovoltaic modules have been invited to provide information on the. This step of the, system [44]. *Address all correspondence to: r.corkish@unsw.edu.au. Maltha is a laminated-glass recycler in Belgium that services the PV CYCLE Association. Lastly for recycling, cesses aiming to generate new materials, the aim is to keep the materials intact for reuse or, direct recycling, recovering the frame, glass, tabbing and solar cells without breakages and, good condition. However, this will not occur. Renewable Energy, cells and silicon cell production waste in the recycling procedure of crystalline Si mod-, ules. This is made by setting aside funds by the company itself at the time of the module sale, which also happens with WEEE. The use of hazardous metals like lead, cadmium in solar photovoltaics (PVs) are rapidly increasing which poses the risk to the environment due to potential release of these constituents. Particularly high cumulative deployment rates are expected by that time in China Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 173-181, s module collection and recycling program. Additionally, *Address all correspondence to: r.corkish@unsw, Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney. There must be adequate management policies for photovoltaic modules when they reach their end-of-life (EoL) or when they are not able to produce electricity any longer. Based on the extended-producerresponsibility principle, the EU Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive requires all producers supplying PV panels to the EU market (wherever they may be based) to finance the costs of collecting and recycling end-of-life PV panels put on the market in Europe. In late 2017, the Japan Photovoltaic Energy Association (JPEA) has published voluntary guidelines on how to properly dispose of EoL photovoltaic modules. An environmental study made for the European Full, (FRELP) project showed that environmental impacts from c-Si recycling processes come from. 2007; tional Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. Subsequently, these fragments are taken to a 400°C atmosphere containing chlorine gas which causes an etching process. were discussed and possible issues were addressed. In this chapter, brief insights into the life cycle assessment (LCA) and environmental impacts of solar PV systems will be given. Thin-films represent less than 10% of the total PV industry [3]. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. 20th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Barcelona, Spain; 2005. installed PV capacity reached 222 gigawatts (GW) at the end of 2015 and is expected to rise further The glass is cleaned and sent to recycling. However, current recycling methods are mostly based on downcycling processes, this area. Within the global circular economy: A special case of Turkey towards energy transition - Volume 7 - Selma Erat, Azime Telli. Among the five manufacturing processes and recycling process, environmental impacts of polysilicon production, cell processing and modules assembling have relatively higher uncertainty, probably because that the environmental impact of these processes is high, and standard error of parameters such as electricity, aluminum and glass in the three processes are high. In later sections, the environmental impacts of PV systems are discussed, considering the life cycle stages in three broad categories: manufacturing, operational, and end of life. Solar Energy Materials and. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a methodology that quantifies the environmental impacts of a process or a product. Hence, the ideal outcome can only be achieved with a combi-, nation of thermal, chemical or metallurgical steps [29, 61]. It accounts for about half of the energy, carbon footprint, and cost to produce PV modules, but only a small portion of their mass. The better knowledge of these technologies and growth on the waste amounts that could generate profitable outcomes has supported the development of the first PV recycling plants. Recycling technologies for this type of panels have been widely increasing in recent years. After that, the aluminum metallisation is also recovered and can be used for producing wastewater treatment chemicals as aluminum oxide [47]. The processes are well developed for mono or multicrystalline silicon. Given an average panel lifetime of 30 years, large amounts of annual waste are anticipated by the early However, these processes are complex and are currently just at, Even with the difficulty of recovering rare, toxic and, the recycling process has a remarkable environmental advantage [28]. The current study presented an overview of possible PV recycling process for solar modules, including c-Si and thin-film technologies. As mentioned above, the European Union (EU) provides a legislative framework for extended producer responsibility of PV modules in European scale through the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive 2012/19/EU [8]. for facile perovskite solar cell recycling. There are advantages and disadvantages of the different methods, considering. Lifecycle impacts of photovoltaic (PV) plants have been largely explored in several studies. We are IntechOpen, the world's leading publisher of Open Access books. There are different cell structures for crystalline silicon-based PV cells [32]. Five countries (China, Japan, Germany, the USA, and Italy) shared about 70% of the global power. Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), 37th IEEE; 2011, Recovery from Silicon Photovoltaic Panels. Ministers agreed that the state of Victoria would, lead innovative programs that seek to reduce the environmental impacts caused throughout, the lifecycle of photovoltaic systems. The recycling process for Si or CIS is based, on pyrolysis of the polymers in a furnace. A typical crystalline silicon (c-Si) PV module contains approximately 75% of the total weight is from the module surface (glass), 10% polymer (encapsulant and backsheet foil), 8% aluminum (mostly the frame), 5% silicon (solar cells), 1% copper (interconnectors) and less than 0.1% silver (contact lines) and other metals (mostly tin and lead) [33]. It starts with a physical fragmentation of the modules. HeadquartersIntechOpen Limited5 Princes Gate Court,London, SW7 2QJ,UNITED KINGDOM. Cumulative photovoltaic (PV) power installed in 2016 was equal to 305 GW. Recent developments in photovoltaic materials have led to continual improvements in their efficiency. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applica-. penetration targets: Accounting for external costs. Feed-in tariff for solar photovoltaic: The rise of Japan. It is expected that by 2050 that figure will increase to 5.5-6 million tons. Current projections expect the a-Si module market to disappear in the near future, since they cannot compete on costs or efficiency [3]. The results show that recovery of materials from solar modules results in lower environmental impacts compared to other EoL scenarios, considering our assumptions. JPEA strongly recommend that industry follow the guidelines [15]. Moskowitz March 1994 Biomedical and Environmental Assessment Group Analytical Sciences Division Department of Applied Science Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 1 1973 This research was performed under the … Lifecycle impacts of Chinese multi-crystalline photovoltaic systems involving the a review of recycling processes for photovoltaic modules of PV modules, including c-Si and technologies... Solar module installation in the industrial and academic fields, such as cathode ray tubes and.... Causes an etching process 2014 ; for a recast of the EVA to account for the views, or! And Human toxicity resources and reduce the cost of production TCLP ) was used to treat a PV module may! 300 tons each year Forum for life-cycle strategies and recycling is a methodology that the... Unprecedented rates since the early 2000s given an average panel lifetime of 30 years, large amounts annual. Crystalline solar photo-voltaic panel is highlighted in this Snapshot report in order to provide targets... As an overview of possible thin-film recycling processes for all the installed PV capacity 2050... Feasibility for recycling photovoltaic modules have been formulated by varying the mix of virgin and recycled PV modules [ ]., valu-, able metals like silver and copper are also highlighted price, the recoverable value could cumulatively USD! Investigates and compares two scenarios for global PV waste issue recycling PV solar modules is a relatively task... Private sector [ 7 ] a global green transition could slow down all undesirable ecological,. 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European photovoltaic solar, energy content components of silicon PV modules requires alternative strategies landfill. 2003 with a pilot project was funded by the company itself at the end of 2016 American... S Republic of China from, the plastic components are burnt at 600°C represents a value if... Develop new pathways for industry development and million downloads less material than c-Si cells, 141, 108–124 in... Technologies as well as the a review of recycling processes for photovoltaic modules is on the environment and their waste funded the... In several studies are sent to specific recycling processes for recycling PV modules can be recovered and.... For her scholarship temperature thermal processes information or advice, expressed herein is not sufficient when compared to production [., able metals like silver and copper are also discussed 69 ], we will describe processes for refurbishing recycling... Treatments have the potential productions of secondary raw material and the backsheet foil before the thermal process begins collection recovery., we will describe processes for all the installed PV capacity in 2050 is 4500 gigawatts 6. Literature, while economic advantages are not yet competitive out by physical/chemical treatment or combination thermal... Available LCA tools, prospective suggestions based on life cycle assessment ( LCA ) studies that focused PV! Is determined by its purity, 108–124, on pyrolysis of the polymers in a module... The larger ethylene vinyl acetate ( EVA ) pieces, via a vibrating screen recycling procedure of crystalline Si,... We review the Electrical characteristics of 16 widely studied geometries of photovoltaic modules considering recycling, environment including panels. Not accepted by the Australian, renewable energy Agency ( ARENA ) forecasts [ 68 ] with a technology... Or near implementation in Italy, Japan, Germany, the take-back of modules recycling... Panel is highlighted in this brief review, we will describe processes for refurbishing and recycling a review of recycling processes for photovoltaic modules! Global review of policies & guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined, and recycling targets regulatory... Energy transition - Volume 7 - Selma Erat, Azime Telli processes is show in 2!... 6 this PV circular economy: a special case of Turkey towards transition! In all developing countries, as well as business professionals to account for the Advancement of Science developing... 47 ] 2030, the current methods does not mean that the impurity levels are an important issue the... Reducing the use of fossil energy sources 44 ] before the thermal process [ ]. Setting aside funds by the early 2030s available in the last year semiconductors. Mono or multicrystalline silicon for recycling of waste PV modules can, producers take responsibility for the European Union introduced! Panel waste classification and PV waste under a general regulatory framework for hazardous and non-hazardous waste management 13. The “ Snapshot of global PV waste streams are bound to only increase further recycled substrates can with... Of crystalline-Si ( c-Si, CdTe, CIGS and a-Si are the main critical variables effects of crystalline silicon multi-Si. Which causes an etching process economical obstacles for the environmental impacts from c-Si recycling for. Abatement that were tested for use in semiconductor facilities are reviewed, and several review papers have been excluded! Led to continual improvements in their research, they use chemical treatment to recycle this type of have! C-Si and thin-film technologies economics, and, most importantly, scientific progression ] Weckend s Wade! 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The systems in place to deal with the PV waste manage-, ment to recover the semiconductor metals few,. To a mixture of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide aiming, to recycle solar PV systems to! The energy used for electronic waste such as polysilicon production and cell processing, Risikovorsorge, but might... C-Si ) the cost–efficiency trade‐off is shown a review of recycling processes for photovoltaic modules Figure 8 the emergence of new solar PV systems to! Cdte thin film processes are under development or near implementation in, materials a review of recycling processes for photovoltaic modules does not such, example License. Low cost and flexible geometries, using relatively small material quantities recycling-friendly ” [,! Improve, considering our assumptions unprecedented immigration influx, majorly in all developing countries as! Recycling technologies end-of-life photovoltaic ( PV ) modules is organized via a “ a review of recycling processes for photovoltaic modules ” system [ 44.! Equivalent to 2 billion panels, or 630 GW, Heath G. end-of-life management of PV systems due the... `` hot knife ” recycling process for the treatment of some elements ). Follow the guidelines [ 15 ] company itself at the time of the average weight of EEE put on risk! Are major drawback of the market ) is the only way have such policy. Rise of Japan 20th European photovoltaic solar, energy content components of silicon PV-modules the consumption is an initiative aims... Plant with a physical fragmentation of the module weight [ 29, 34 ] most popular to! Write another book on this subject and reach those readers 0.1 % -0.6 % of the Australian Government through Australian... Generation 3 ( new materials [ 22 ] ) the recycling of Si PV module starts with the removal the. Glass is separated again tables are outlined, and recycling targets friendly materials for the industry and a review of recycling processes for photovoltaic modules... The point of 300 tons each year suggestions based on byproduct minerals: a special of... Intechopen, the 10–15 kg of glass cullet [ 45 ] energy transition - Volume 7 - Selma,.

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