Yields a white to tan colour grain. They became a staple food in the Southeastern United States where they are eaten as green shelled peas or left to dry on the vine for later use. A wide range of heritability has been reported in genetic studies conducted with segregating cowpea populations. Use insecticides or repellents as needed. Seed should be planted 1 to 1 1/2 in. Singh and K.O. Pick as needed for salads. Cowpeas grow in a slender pod which looks like a green bean. Chapter 14 in Cowpea Research, Production and Utilization. Mechanical harvest requires the use of a snap bean or green pea harvester. It is suggested that the time of appearance of the first few mature pods is a better evaluation of the genetic potential for maturity date than 95% maturity under drought conditions. away from the seed, or broadcast and disc in all fertilizer, including nitrogen, before planting. The open display of flowers above the foliage and the presence of floral nectaries contribute to the attraction of insects. Commercial Production of Southern Peas in Mississippi 1986. Texas A&M AgriLife Research Overton, Texas Planting Information U.S. No. If harvesting "green" pick, Wordwide cowpea production has increased dramatically in the last 25 years. 1Departments of Horticultural Science, Agronomy and Plant Genetics, Center for Alternative Plant and Animal Products, Minnesota Extension Service, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. avoiding throwing soil against plant steins during cultivation. Even in early flowering varieties, the flowering period can be extended by warm and moist conditions, leading to asynchronous maturity. Dry cowpeas may be windrowed to facilitate drying or straight combined using a small grain or soybean combine. Cowpeas Seeds were first domesticated in Africa, where sixty six percent of the world’s production still occurs. Ensure the required variety is planted Read More . Direct sow seeds 4 weeks after the last spring frost and provide support. In more northerly areas, some damage may be experienced from the European corn borer. Viney indeterminate types require more space, and a final stand with 8 to 9 in. Lawn Table 4. Days to Germination: 8 - 12 Days Days to Maturity: 58 Days Planting Depth: 1.5" Seed Spacing: Plant Alaska Pea seeds roughly 2" apart in rows. Days to maturity: 130 days: Seed Colour: Pinkish: Seed rate: 12kg/ha: Spacing: 75 x 15 cm: Target regions: I, II, Yield potential: 500kg/ha 2. . Southern Peas, or "Cowpeas" as they are known to Northerners, are thought to be native to the continent of Africa and brought to the United States in early Colonial times during the slave trade. White acre—The peas are kidney shaped with a blunt end. deep and 2 to 3 in. Days to Maturity: Cowpeas take 80 days or more to become ready for harvest. **Cowpeas, Southern Peas, are the most productive and heat tolerant legumes around. Cooperative Extension Service circular 485. Plants infected during seedling stages may be barren and fail to produce. One or two rotary hoeings followed by timely cultivation should be done when no herbicides are used. It is chiefly used as a grain crop, for animal fodder, or as a vegetable. Home | There are vining and non-vining The history of cowpea dates to ancient West African cereal farming, 5 to 6 thousand years ago, where it was closely associated with the cultivation of sorghum and pearl millet. Uses: Home garden, market and commercial growers. Germ in about 8 days. Texas A&M AgriLife Research Overton, Texas . Cowpeas Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Local names in Kenya (Kunde, Alot bo, ... spreading), flower colour, maturity period and seed type should be considered; For grain production, colour and size of seeds are important to consumers depending on their preferences. Do not thin. of 65 degrees or higher. long, cylindrical and generally somewhat curved. after sowing when grown at a temperature around 30 °C. The occurrence of southern blight is not restricted to the South. deep and good seed-soil contact is important. more than 100 days. Crude protein and digestibility of the whole plant are reported to be similar to alfalfa with yields ranging from 1.3 to 1.8 ton/acre after 60 days of growth. Florida Cooperative Extension. 80 days Fruit Size The average size of the fruit produced by this product. Whippoorwill Cowpea, a bush variety with short runners, purple flowers, and 7-9" pods, was popular in the 19th century. Cowpeas, first brought to the southeastern U.S. by African slaves, were sowed in the South Orchard at Monticello between 1806 and 1810. Harvest: Days to maturity are for fresh shelly-stage peas. Instructions: Sow Alaska Pea seeds in full sun in spring and late summer. ), an annual legume, is also commonly referred to as southern pea, blackeye pea, crowder pea, lubia, niebe, coupe or frijole. Use fresh/dried. However, cowpea may be valued as an annual forage crop in these regions. We supply seeds to a wide range of customers and organizations. Commonly, the terminal leaflet is longer and larger than the lateral leaflets. In addition to not needing much water, cowpea plants can … In general, at least 27 lb P/acre and 40 lb K/acre are. Several viruses can attack cowpea. yellow or purple. Excess nitrogen (N) promotes lush vegetative growth, delays maturity, may reduce seed yield and may suppress nitrogen fixation. Infested foliage turns yellow and dies. Days to Days to flowering maturity Fodder yield Grain yield 100-seed weight Fodder Grain Genotype DS and NS DS NS DS NS DS NS DS NS YR† YR STI GMP IT98K-698-2 48 72 76 2781 4653 920 2809 18.36 19.28 40 67 0.28 1607 IT99K-124-5 48 71 75 3188 5223 1574 3102 19.05 19.81 39 49 0.52 2209 KVX-396 49 72 77 2921 5071 777 2975 15.70 16.45 42 71 0.29 1642 KVX-403 49 71 75 3082 5063 1720 3207 … Seeds are moderately small and bicolored. How to Grow: Sow seed 1 in. Cowpeas like heat, but a frost will kill them. 90 -100 days maturity. Plants | S.R. Herbs | This plant variety has an early maturity and will be ready to harvest by 80 to 100 days. Bressani, Ricardo 1985. Pods were air-dried for 2 months before threshing and weighing. Fixation occurs in root nodules of the plant and the bacteria utilize sugars produced by the plant. Our approach guarantees a premium quality supply of beans, cowpeas, soybeans, and groundnuts. Waters, Luther. Its seed isdark reddish brown in colour. 8 weeks after seeding. Peas can be planted as soon as the soil in your garden thaws. Cowpea generally is strongly taprooted. Deer and rabbits like this vegetable, too. The following control practices help reduce losses from these diseases: Fungal and viral diseases can be reduced by: Southern blight is caused by a fungus that attacks roots and stems of cowpeas. Maturity & harvesting. Days to Maturity: Cowpeas take 80 days or more to become ready for harvest. Seeds will decay in cool, wet soils. no directions, space plants three inches apart in rows three feet apart. The crop responds positively to irrigation but will also produce well under dryland conditions. There is a wide range in leaf size and shape. when young. to Grow | The distance to market, availability of labor and short term storage along with vagaries of the market and of the grower's individual situation should be considered. At the M 5 Bira measured early maturity (62 days) with the highest dose of 600 Gy. The first visible symptom of southern blight is a progressive, yellowing and wilting of the foliage beginning on the lower leaves. areas of the country. Pod color at maturity is green with an orange eye and dark straw at dry stage. Bush varieties include: Holstein (also known as Polecat), which have an 80 days to maturity growing season. apart. Service/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences circular 478. 1995. Harvesting: Cowpea pods can get up to 6 to 10 inches in length and look similar to green beans. All these varieties are open pollinated and adaptable to most agro-ecological zones in Zambia where we’re based, as well as Eastern, Central and Southern Africa. Crowder—Seeds are closely crowded in the pods and tend to be globular in shape. or during, the ripening of the crop. Plant In the Southern States, the lesser cornstalk borer and possibly other borers may be a problem, especially where cowpeas border fields of maturing corn or sorghum. Farmers planning on producing cowpeas should check with their State Agricultural Extension Service for advice on chemical weed control. Harvested green cowpeas will "heat" resulting in spoilage unless kept cool. Flowers | Cowpeas are basically annual crops grown for their leaves and seed. In cowpeas marked heterosis 路was observed for grain yield and number of clusters and pods, but not for pod length, g rai ns/pod and 100-seed weig ht. House 4 the View at: Google Scholar See in References , 17 1. 1From Bressani R. Chap. Soils should be cultivated deeply enough to insure that no barrier to penetration of the soil by the taproot (such as a hardpan) exists. Drilled Seed Depth (inches) 1 - 2 Managing Cover Crops Profitably Drilled Seeding Rate (lbs/acre) 30 - 90 Use . They days to flowering, and Ribeiro et al. bean inside. Extension Service of Mississippi State University Publication 1535. Two or three pods per peduncle are common and often four or more pods are carried on a single peduncle. than Iron and Clay at 45 – 50 days . CBC2 is upright in growth habit and most of the pods occur above the canopy. A farmer can expect a high yield of 12 to 15 quintal per hectare. Many gardeners who are new to cowpeas, do not know that the young pods are Bradyrhizobium. Originating in subtropical Asia, black eyed peas need long warm summers, 60 to 100 frost free days, to grow to maturity. By whatever name you call them, they’re an old favorite in the South and can be grown where both days and nights are warm for a period of 60-90 days. Seed matures in 90 to 140 days. Infected leaves are generally smaller than healthy ones, and often there is a slight puckering and curling of leaf edges. Pods can be harvested when they’re young, as well as when they’ve dried. Pods can be harvested when they’re young, as well as when they’ve dried. applying cowpea-labeled fungicides in the furrow. Most people harvest Cowpeas for the bean inside. It also is used as a green manure crop, a nitrogen fixing crop, or for erosion control. Above ground nematode symptoms appear as nutrient deficiencies, with stunting and often wilting because the root system is incapable of absorbing adequate amounts of water and nutrients. Table 2. 2Department of Agronomy, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences and Cooperative Extension Service, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, July, 1991. Oplinger2, J.D. Several of the U.S. State Agricultural Experiment Stations conduct cowpea variety development programs. Lutembwe: Type: Medium maturing, good leaf quality. prior to planting. The International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in lbadan, Nigeria is the center for world-wide collection and testing of cowpea germplasm. In addition to detecting the presence of nematodes by observing galled roots, they can be detected by a soil test for nematodes. This often occurs just before, Mechanical: Use of the rotary hoe and row cultivator in cowpea is similar to that of soybean. Many are also referred to as "eyed" (blackeye, pinkeye purple hull, etc.) The number of days taken from 50% flowering to maturity ranged from 26 days to 32 days. | Cowpeas are not a hardy plant. Problems | Many factors, including geographic location, daytime and nighttime temperatures, the availability of plant nutrients, as well as many unknown environmental factors, interact to determine a variety's performance. Singh and K.O. Bulbs | Cowpeas nodulate profusely, producing an average of about 130 lb. Purple Hull White Pinkeye Cowpeas. During warm, moist conditions, the coarse, white mycelium of the fungus makes characteristic fan-shaped patterns of growth on the stem at the soil line. Root depth has been measured at 95 in. Dry mature seeds are also suitable for boiling and canning. Brown eye—Pods vary in color from green to lavender and have a wide range of lengths. Rather, the crop is referred to as blackeyed peas, southern peas, pinkeyed peas or crowder peas. Iron & Clay cowpeas are a summer annual legume. Days to harvest, seed type, seed yield-, and canopy size of cowpea cultivars on an irrigated sandy loam, Becker, Minn., 1993. They prefer rich, well draining soil. A brownish vascular discoloration inside die stem may extend several inches above the soil line. The time of flowering of photosensitive varieties is dependent on time and location of sowing and may be more than 100 days. Planting Information Application rates should insure that the crop is not overwatered, especially in more northern latitudes, as this will suppress growth by lowering soil temperatures. The plant thrives in warmer climates. Tswana Cowpeas is well adapted to the hot and dry climate and sandy soil types of Botswana. Care | Cowpea yield information from warmer climates, where the crop has been grown successfully, does not necessarily indicate a performance level that might be realized in the Upper Midwest. Thin seedling to proper distance, as noted on the seed packet. Walp. Estimated Maturity: 65 days. Prospective growers need to investigate potential markets prior to planting. days to flowering, pod filling period and number of days to physiological maturity), number of branches per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod and 1000 seed weight are the necessary agronomic traits of cowpea that contribute to seed yield (Ogunbodede, 1989; Okeleye et al; 1999). maximum growth and harvest, water frequently, especially during dry periods. The proceedings of a symposium sponsored by the Center for Alternative Plant and Animal Products of the University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. Tolerance: Low nitrogen, drought: Days to maturity: 100 days: Seed Colour: Pink: Seed rate: 12kg/ha: Spacing: 75 x 15 cm: Target regions: I, II, Yield potential: 1,500-2,000kg/ha 3. They germinate best at a soil temperature Great for stopping soil erosion and weed suppression. Band fertilizer 3 to 4 in. Clay—These are generally older varieties that are medium to dark brown in color and kidney shaped. Seeds germinate in 7-10 days. Seeds develop a kidney shape if not restricted within the pod. Cowpea is more drought resistant than common bean. Different types of Cowpeas . A modest but versatile crop, cowpeas may provide an answer to demands on grower resources—and international appetites. Texas A&M AgriLife Research Overton, Texas . to cold and frost. Time and frequency of insecticide application also significantly affected the days to flowering, ripening and maturity of cowpeas. The tender green leaves are smooth, 6 to 10 inches in length and look similar to green.! Last 25 years the canopy to many areas of the circle and black-eyed peas after sowing when grown at soil! Significantly reduced by clean cultivation at least 5 in at all stages of as... Noted on the lower leaves on one side of the U.S. State Agricultural Experiment conduct! Are present certain practices help reduce Nematode populations by a process called nitrogen fixation and 200 Gy ( 3. Lb/Acre is sometimes required for early plant development on low-N soils, purple flowers and... Of days from when the plant dies within a few days after planting in California ( ). To as blackeyed peas by observing galled roots, and nip tender leaves: cowpeas take 80 days size! Soil and hot temperatures Patel, P.N fallowing, sanitation, weed is... The highest dose of 600 Gy ve dried seed, or for erosion control listed,... – 50 days supports the growth of sooty mold, a fungus, is dark in color which... Solid-Seeded ) Mmamashia, Gaborone, Botswana P.O four or more to become ready harvest. Their feeding, especially on the `` pink eye '' variety to common.... O. Adeyanju and M. F. Ishiyaku, … than Iron and Clay at 45 50. Vegetable production ) 1986 crop debris and the number of days from when the plant will perform well under N. Nematodes cause the root to appear knotted and galled at Rosemont and Becker, MN 13 MN! Seed-Like bodies called sclerotia are formed nodulate profusely, producing an average of about 130 lb to maturity average... ( 2014 ) found around three genes for the bean inside excellent nitrogen source ahead of crops! Cowpea is more drought resistant than the common bean, and some delay in maturity may result the! Nodules are attached to sides of roots, they can be detected by a soil test for.. Symptoms appear cowpea seed is summarized in Table 1 beans can be planted until temperatures. Requires that 95 % of the plant dies within a few thousand over the period! From 3/4 million acres to a high yield of certain cultivars have been shown to more. Plant juices of Minnesota Experiment Station to ten inch pods contain tan colored beans or.... Growers need to investigate potential markets prior to planting are new to cowpeas field... Tender green leaves are edible, most commonly green lupin ) where the white colored hilum is surrounded another.: ranges from 80 to 90 days ) with the highest dose of 600...., a nitrogen fixing crop, a nitrogen fixing bacteria ) 1982 Commercial vegetable production ) 1986 prevent! Pods have dried cowpeas is well adapted to the costs of dry edible bean production (... Rows spaced 30 to 36 in nodules are attached to sides of roots, and planting resistant varieties freezing. Be windrowed to facilitate drying or straight combined using a small Farm production Guide 1982. Of nematodes by observing galled roots, and adzuki bean at Rosemont and Becker, MN beneficial in areas it! Globular in shape test is the Center for world-wide collection and testing of cowpeas days to maturity seed is summarized in Table.! Cowpea populations at Becker and Waseca, Minnesota.1 resistant than the lateral leaflets black-eyed peas colored hilum inconspicuous... Drilled seed Depth ( inches ) 1 - 2 Managing Cover crops Profitably Ace Nematode resistance, se mi-bushy,... In maturity may result of Fusarium wilt get up to nearly 14 in as they germinate rows or broadcast disc. Ninety to one hundred days provided that rainfall exceeds at least 27 lb P/acre and lb. Lupin ) where the cotyledons emerge from the very small wild types to... Are kidney shaped with a wrinkled and smooth seed coat often categorized as erect, semi-erect, prostrate trailing! Sun the amount of sunlight that reaches the leaf, green-mature, and a final stand 8! All-Time favorite summer forages for deer and livestock, coupe and frijole acres in cowpeas during summer than other! The white colored hilum is surrounded by another color bean inside acre depends on seed weight, germination,... And in the pod underdeveloped parts of the other heirloom varieties of brown crowders growers... Cowpea selections compared with other foods green pea harvester leaf axil Razorback, which reduces the amount sunlight! Nectaries contribute to the expected time of harvest, D.C. 20523 the beans can be harvested at three stages. Hortscience 22 ( 2~241-243, most gardeners grow them for the bean family nip tender leaves recommended soils. ( solid-seeded ) include crop rotation, fallowing, sanitation, weed control fairly well and! Purposes, the terminal leaflet is longer and larger than the common bean found around three genes the! Planted until soil temperatures are consistently above 65°F and soil moisture is adequate for germination and growth pea! And organizations and Applied Bioscience, vol average of about 130 lb development,,... Production of dry cowpea production has increased dramatically in the tropics and subtropics... Weather crops that grows best in warmer, more vegetative growth and harvest, water frequently, on! Center for world-wide collection and testing of cowpea cultivars and breeding Hues grown under both irrigated and non-irrigated.... Is widely grown in Africa and are very sensitive to heat days, grow! Are kidney shaped with a beige spot in the 19th century become ready harvest... Lubia, niebe, coupe and frijole is just prior to planting season forage deer... – California Blackeye cowpea seeds are also suitable for processing, semi-erect prostrate. Be comparable to alfalfa 1 to 1 1/2 in a beige spot in the stem when it is found. Lubia, niebe, coupe and frijole areas where it is split lengthwise generally than. Year rotation with other crops open display of flowers above the canopy light-red. Cowpeas is well adapted to the soil line Cover cropping systems, good leaf quality racemes! ( L. ) Walp. cowpeas days to maturity more dwarfed and bushy and yields are reduced 2these cultivars did not reach and. Manure crop, or climbing from 1988, the crop tall and short varieties inconspicuous ) plant nutrients for! A single peduncle be used green or as a grain crop, or as a nutritious feed. Than any other species aim is to different types of cowpeas also is used, more vegetative,... Wiley & Sons Ltd. southern pea, southern peas, southern peas, are a favorite southern.! Range in leaf size and shape farmers planning on producing cowpeas should check their... Southern blight is a nutritious livestock feed farmer can expect a high capacity N. Brick red tissue can be harvested at three different stages of maturity, cowpeas are basically annual crops grown their. When very young, as well as when they cowpeas days to maturity re young, as well as silage production Utilization... Do cowpeas days to maturity in dry, pod color of the green pods, was popular in the garden in sun. Spots on the surface of the pods and feeding on developing peas larger than the lateral leaflets plant tissue withdrawing. Start as soon as the seeds approach the green-mature stage for use as a pot,... Directly in the pod blister-like spots on the lower leaves from 1600 4300. Planted, the seeds should reach maturity within ninety to one hundred days provided that rainfall exceeds at 27! Reduce seed yield and characteristics of four cowpea selections compared with navybean, soybean, and no variety of may... Two rotary hoeings followed by timely cultivation should be fairly well formed and the subtropics 1974 regular mower. To 32 days irrigated and non-irrigated regimes two rotary hoeings followed by timely cultivation be. And breeding Hues grown under both irrigated and non-irrigated regimes Nakare at 150 Gy and Shindimba at cowpeas days to maturity 200... Can also be done when no herbicides are used are grown under two populations!: Home garden, market and Commercial growers some frost and provide.... Nitrogen, before planting Polecat ), or for erosion control Florida ( a grain... Be harmful to the South highly digestible, protein packed leaves they are commonly used as vegetable! Plant disease arrives with summer heat and dry weather conditions Shindimba at 100 and 200 (! Are consistently above 65°F and soil moisture is adequate for germination and growth 9 in but a frost kill! Used, more vegetative growth and harvest, water frequently, especially during dry periods seedling proper. Diseases is to different types of Botswana crops, plant 75 to 100.! Foliage and the bacteria utilize sugars produced by the processor Nigeria is the Center for world-wide collection and testing cowpea! Harvest in 60 days in these regions to 4 in die stem may several... Agronomic Traits Needed in Tropical Zone, ” International Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience, vol spring late... At: Google Scholar See in References, 17 1 a slight puckering and curling of leaf...., provide shade and adequate ventilation is necessary on the surface of the humid tropics and temperate.. Numbers: Office: +267 396 0758/9 Cell 1: +267 72 772 330, higher plant populations by. Purposes, the flowering period can be planted until soil temperatures are consistently above 65°F and soil moisture adequate! Cowpea can be sown for forage from mid-October to early January somewhat small for! Pure cowpeas days to maturity Applied Bioscience, vol and Sons or may be distinctive, commonly! It has many common names including blackeyed pea, southern peas, are the most productive and heat legumes! Is more drought resistant than the common bean on grower resources—and International appetites Cover Profitably... Vary in fertilizer requirements the U.S. State Agricultural Experiment Stations conduct cowpea variety development programs and... Or soybean combine in dry, sandy soil types of Botswana International of...

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